Making a dynamically text-addressable list in C++

In most scripting languages, objects are typically a collection of items, bound to names within those objects. For example (in Javascript), say if I were to initialize this:

colors = {
    Blue:  0x0000FF; //Hex Values
    Green: 0x00FF00;
    Red:   0xFF0000;
}

At runtime, if a user typeed in a listed color, I can easily return the corresponding hex value using colors["given_color"].

However, how would I express an even remotely similar mechanic in C++, or other compiled languages for that matter? Creating an enum would only have meaning statically, where in a contrived example:

public enum colors{
    CYAN     =  0x00FFFF,
    MAGENTA  =  0xFF00FF,
    YELLOW   =  0xFFFF00
}

cannot, in any way, be used to look up the corresponding Hex of say std::cin << givenColor;

That being said, what options do I have to convert a std::string into a data point, pointer, or function pointer?