How to find the number of iterations of binary search algorithm?

How I can get the number of iterations of binary search?

This is my code:

int main() 
{
    int target = 11;
    int N = 10;
    std::vector<int> index;
    int num;

    for (int i = 0; i < N; i++) {
        index.push_back(i);
    }

    int counter = 0;
    unsigned int M, L = (unsigned int)-1, R = N;

    M = (R - L) / 2;  // Assume N is not zero

    do {
        int value;
        M = M + L;
        value = index[M];
        if (value < target) L = M; else R = M;
        M = (R - L) / 2;
        counter++;
    } while (M);  // M is the size of the current interval

    std::cout << R << '\n';
    std::cout << "counter: " << counter << '\n';

    system("pause");

    return 0;
}

I want to know the number of iterations depending on N. I know how this algorithm works but I want the number of iterations represented mathematically.